Egypt - Wikipedia. This article is about the modern country. For the ancient realm, see Ancient Egypt. Coordinates: 2. 6.
History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. The area now called Russia has always been multicultural. The Eastern Slavic tribes, the ancestors. Speaking Across Cultures in the U.S. FACT: 19% of the U.S. The number of people who spoke a. Ranks; Geography; Climate; Maps; Flags. Feedback ===== Definitions SOURCE: 2000 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK See also ABBREVIATIONS. Abbreviations: This information is included. BC9 July 1. 80. 5. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, emerging as one of the world's first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a significant Christian minority. With over 9. 2 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third- most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth- most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 4. The large regions of the Saharadesert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non- Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Names. The English name Egypt is derived from the Ancient Greek. A. It is reflected in early Greek. Linear B tablets as a- ku- pi- ti- yo. The adjective aig. The Greek forms were borrowed from Late Egyptian(Amarna) Hikuptah . The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian . In the 1. 0th millennium BC, a culture of hunter- gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain- grinding culture. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8. BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralised society. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3. BC. 3. 15. 0 BC by King Menes, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c. BC., which constructed many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynastypyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty. Giza pyramids. The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 1. BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1. BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes. The New Kingdomc. BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty- seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 5. BC to 4. 02 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid Emperors all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians. It fell to the Persians again in 3. BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, was defeated in battle. This Thirty- first Dynasty of Egypt, however, did not last long, for the Persians were toppled several decades later by Alexander the Great. The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter, founded the Ptolemaic dynasty. Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century. The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 4. Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. With the end of the Kurdish. Ayyubid dynasty, the Mamluks, a Turco- Circassian military caste, took control about 1. By the late 1. 3th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions. Portuguese traders took over their trade. After the French were defeated by the British, a power vacuum was created in Egypt, and a three- way power struggle ensued between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans. The Muhammad Ali dynasty. Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty. After the French were expelled, power was seized in 1. Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. While he carried the title of viceroy of Egypt, his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal. His military ambition required him to modernise the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil service. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 1. Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt. It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1. The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1. 87. 5 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, . Fearing a reduction of their control, the UK and France intervened militarily, bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel El Kebir. Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle, Hussein Kamel, as sultan. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates. The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 2. February 1. 92. 2. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1. In 1. 93. 6, the Anglo- Egyptian Treaty was concluded.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |